SEMINAR
TOPIC: FAMILY
FARMING AND WASTE
DISPOSAL
INTRODUCTION
Family farming
includes all family- based agricultural
activities, and it
is linked to
several areas of
rural development. Family
farming is a means of
organizing agricultural, fisheries,
pastoral and aquaculture
production which is
managed and operated
by a family
and predominantly reliant
on family labour, including
both women’s and
men’s.
Waste
management is the
handling of discarded
materials. Recycling and
composting, which transform
waste into useful
products , are forms
of waste management.
The management of
waste also includes
disposal, such as
landfilling.
FAMILY
FARMING
Family
farming includes all
family – based agricultural activities,
and it is
linked to several
areas of rural
development . Family farming
is a means
of organizing agricultural, forestry, fisheries,
pastoral and aquaculture
production which is
managed and operated
by a family
and predominantly reliant
on family labour,
including both women’s
and men’s.
Both in
developing and developed countries,
family farming is the predominant
form of agriculture
in the food
production sector.
At
national level, there
are a number of
factors that are
key for a
successful development of
family, such as:
· Agro- ecological conditions
and territorial characteristics.
· Policy environment.
· Access to
markets.
· Access to
land and natural
resources.
· Access to
technology and extension
services.
· Economic and
socio - cultural conditions.
· Availability of
specialized education among
others.
PERCEPTIONS OF THE
FAMILY FARMING
In developed
countries the family
farm is viewed
sentimentally, as a
life style to be. Preserved
fortradition’s
sake, or as
a birth right .
It is in
these nations very
often a political rallying
cry against change
in agricultural policy,
most commonly in
france, japan and the
united states, where
rural life styles
are often regarded as
desirable . In these
countries, strange bedfellows
can often be
found arguing for
similar measures despite
otherwise vast difference
in political ideology.
The social
roles of family
farms are much
changed today. Until recently,
staying in line
with traditional and
conservative sociology, the
heads of the
household were usually
the oldest man
followed closely by
his oldest sons.
The wife generally
took care of the
housework, child
rearing, and agricultural
activities have taken
on many forms
and change over
time.
Agronomy, horticulture, aquaculture,
silviculture, and apiculture, along
with traditional plants
and animals, all
make up aspects
of today’s family
farm.
INTERNATIONAL YEAR
OF FAMILY FARMING
At the
66th session of
the united nations
general assembly, 2014 was
formally declared to
be the “International Year
Of Family Farming”(IYFF). The
2014 IYFF will
promote broad discussion
and cooperation at the national,
regional and global
levels to increase
awareness and understanding
of the challenges
faced by small
holders and help
identify efficient ways
to support family
famers.
WASTE DISPOSAL
Waste management
is the handling
of discarded materials.
Recycling and composing, which
transform waste into
useful products, are
forms of waste
management. The management
of waste also
includes disposal, such
as landfilling.
Waste can
be almost anything,
include leaves, newspapers,
bottles, construction debris,
chemicals from a
factory, old cars or
radioactive materials. People
have always produced
waste, but as industry
and technology have
evolved and the
human population has
grown, waste management
has become increasingly
complex.
The primary
objective of waste
management today
is to protect
the public and
the environment from
potentially harmful effects
of waste. Some
waste materials are
normally safe, but
can become hazardous
if not managed
properly.
Every individual,
business, or organization
must make decisions
and take some
responsibility regarding the
management of his
or her waste. On larger
scale, government agencies
at the local,
state and federal
levels enact and
enforce regulations
governing waste management.
These agencies also
educate the public
about proper waste
management. In addition,
local government agencies
may provide disposal
or recycling services,
or they may
hire or authorize
private companies. Companies
to perform those
function.
There
are four basic
methods of managing
waste:
1. Dumping it.
2. Burning it.
3. Find
another use for
it. (reuse and recycling).
4. Not
creating the waste
in the first
place (waste prevention).
These methods
are utilized depends
on the wastes
being managed. Municipal
solid waste is
different from industrial,
agricultural or mining waste. Hazardous waste
is a category
that should handled
separately, although it sometimes is
generated with the
types .Many of
the plants and animals waste
generated by agriculture
remain in the
fields or rangelands. These waste
can be beneficial
because they return
organic matter and
nutrients to the soil. However, modern techniques
of raising large
numbers of animals in small areas generate
huge volumes of
animal waste, or
manure. Waste in such
concentrated quantities must
be managed carefully,
or it can contaminate groundwater
or surface water.
Industrial wastes
that are
not hazardous have
traditionally been sent
to landfills.
Hazardous wastesare materials considered
harmful or potentially harmful
to human health
or the environment. Waste may be
deemed hazardous because
they are poisonous,
flammable, or corrosive,
or because they
react with other
substances in a dangerous
way.
Pesticides
used in farming
contaminate agricultural waste. Because of
the enormous volumes
of pesticides used
in agriculture, the proper
handling of unused
pesticides is adaunting is
challenge for waste
managers. Certain mining techniques
also utilize toxic
chemicals, piles of
mining and mental
processing waste, known as
waste rock and
tailings may contain hazardous
substances. Because of a
reaction with oxygen
in the air,
largeramount of tailings
and leach into
surface waters.
PREVENTION
Prevention may also reduce
the amount of
resources needed to
manufacture or package
a product :
1. Composting grass
clippings and tree leaves
at home, rather
than having them
picked up for
disposal municipal composting.
2. A
chain of clothing
stores can ship
its products to its products
to its stores
reusable garment bags, instead
of disposal plastic
bags.
3. In
an office, employees
can copy documents
on both sides
of a sheet
of paper, instead of
just one side.
4. Used cloth
instead of paper
napkins.
5. Avoid to
burn medical wastes.
CONCLUSION
Over
the 20th century,
the people of
developed nations have collectively taken
most of the
steps down the
path to this
situation. Individual
farmers opted for
successive waves of
New technology, happily
“trading in their
horses for a
tracter”, increasing their debt
and their production
capacity . This in
turn required larger,
more distant markets ,
and heavier and more complex
financing. The public
willingly purchased increasingly
commoditized, processed, shipped
and relatively, inexpensive food. These
family farm this
new technology and
increasingly complex marketing
strategy has presented
new and unprecedented
challenges, and not
all family farmers
have been able
to effectively scope
with the changing
market conditions.
REFERENCE
1. World
of Earth Science -2003, encyclopedia
2. Wikipedia.
ASWATHY M.S.
ROLL NO:6
NATURAL SCIENCE
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