gregor johann mendel

brief history of gregor johann mendel ( july  20  1822 – January 6 1884 )

 

Gregor John Mendel Was Austrian Scientist And Augustinian Triar Who Gained Posthumous Fame As The Founder Of The New Science Of Genetics . He Was The Second Child Of Anton Rosine Mendel , Farmers In Burn , Moravia . Mendel’s Brilliant Performance At A School As A Youngster Encouraged His Family To Support His Pursuit Of A Higher Education , But Their Resources Were Limited. So Mendel Entered An Augustinian Monastery , Continuing His Education And Starting His Teacher Career .

                                   Mendel’s Attraction To Research Was Based On His Love Of Nature . He Was Not Only Interested In Plants , But Also In Meteorology And Theories Of Evolution . Mendel Often Wondered How Plants Obtained A Typical Characteristics .

Contribution

Gregor Mendel Developed The Theory Of Inheritance And Heredity . He Demonstrated That The Inheritance Of Certain Traits In Pea Plant , Follows Particular Patterns , Now Referred To As Laws Of Mendillian Inheritance . Although The Significance Of Mendel’s Work Was Not Recognized Until The Turn Of The 20 th Century The Independent Rediscovery Of These Laws Formed The Foundation Of The Modern Science Of Genetics .

                              After Completing His Work With Peas , Mendel Turned To Experimenting With Honey Bees To Extend His Work To Animals . He Produced A Hybrid Strain But Failed To Generate A Clear Picture Of Their Heredity Because Of The Difficulties In Controlling Mating Behavior Of Queen Bees . He Also Described Novel Plant Species And These Are Denoted With The ; Botanical Author Abbreviation Mendel .

                           Mendel Was Important As He Showed That The Inheritance Of Certain Characteristics Followed Certain Laws . In His Experiments With Pea Plants He Showed That

1 In 4 Had Two Dominant Alleles

2 In 4 Had A Dominant And A Recessive Allele

1 In 4 Had Two Recessive Alleles.

Submitted by,

Sharika mohan i

Roll no :11

Natural science

practical work

PRACTICAL WORK

TOPIC : STUDY OF BACTERIA-LACTOBACILLUS

INTRODUCTION

Microorganisms are essential for the structure of biosphere. Many microorganisms have a closed association with human. Microbes are both good and harm. The symbiotic fixing bacteria which are in the root nodules of  Leguminosae  plants enhance the soil fertility. Microbes are also used in the production of food improves and flavoring agent. Microbes are used as experimental organisms for experimental genetic engineering.

AIM  

To study the shape and size of the bacteria lactobacillus and bacteria from root nodules.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Clean, microscope with high power or immersion objective lens, 1% of methylene blue, spirit lamp, 100 ml beaker containing distilled water, curd.

PROCEDURE

Place a drop of curd on a clean slide spread this drop to form a thin film with the help of another slide held at an angle of 40 degree touching the curd and moreover the first slide. Allow the slide to dry in air, place the slide film by up side  quickly over a spirit lamp and fix the bacteria. Flood the slide with methylene blue to cover the smear complete for five minute. Dip in the beaker contain distilled water for wash gently excessive stain has been remove. Wave the slide vigorously through the air so that the film dries quickly. Observe under the high power microscope. Observing under oil immersion at between the slide condenser as well as between the cover glass and objective oil immersion lens. Watch from the slide bring the oil emerging objective lens. In close contact with the oil on the cover glass and bring the focus.

CAUTION

Too much heat will destroy the normal shape and structure of  bacteria . When  placed again back of your hand the slide should be warm.

RESULT

Individual bacteria can been seen as tiny rods in various shades of blue.

Submitted By ,

Sharika Mohan I

Roll no ;11

Natural science

SEMINAR

Topic  :Natural resources and Man made resources.

INTRODUCTION

                          Resources are the "source of supply or support, generally held in reserve". Resoure are of two main groups , Human resources and Natural resources. Man made resources are not naturally occuring these type resources are developed only with the help of man kind. Next the natural resources are the naturally occuring substance of the biosphere , which can support and sustain life. They are natures resoures which suppot life on earth.They include the goods and services provided by natural environment. Natural resouces can be classified into abiotic and biotic factores.

NATURAL RESOURCES

FOREST

Forest are large treasure house of a huge wealth of natural resources.Forest are valuable to us in many ways. They satisfy our needs for timber and other good products , favourably influence the climate ,atmosphere and water resources, and protect the soil from wind erosion. Forest fall under four major categories, namely tropical forest, sub-tropical rain forest, temperate forest, and corniferous forest. Forest provide food items like roots , tubers ,leaves ,fruits ,berries,spices etc.Some medicine like quinine, camphor, etc are obtained from forest trees.It also provide a sustainable income through ecotourism.

                                                                                                                                                             WETLAND

A wet land is a land area that is saturated with water , either permanently or seasonally ,such that it takes on the characteristic of a distinct eco-system. The primary factor that distinguishes wet land from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants.Wet land play a number of roles in the environment , principally water purification, flood control, carbon sink and shoreline stability. Wet lands are also consider the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems,serving as home to a wide range of plants and animal life.

SACRED GROVES

Sacred groves of India are forest fragments of varying sizes ,which are communally protected, and which usually have a significant religious connotation for the protecting community.Hunting and logging are usually strictly prohibited with in these patches. Traditional uses of sacred groves are the repository for various ayurvedic medicines.It reduce soil erosion. In modern times, sacred groves have become biodiversity hot spot, a various species seek refuge in the  areas due to progressive habitat destruction and hunting.  

MAN MADE RESOURCES

Man made resources are the resources are the resources that will developed by man.examples for man made resources are museum, zoo,botanical garden,agrifarms etc.These type of resources are also developed for both plants and animals.

                                                                                                                                                           MUSEUM

Museum is a historical place.A study in the museum presents abstract things in concrete shape.Museum is a collection of thing connected with science teaching. This collection is made with a view to enable the students to observe the collections and have a realistic experience about them. In a museum insects,fishes, snake ,birds,mammals working models ,dry exhibits ,flowers,improvised apparatus, charts, pictures etc can be collected and arranged.

ZOO AND BOTANICAL GARDEN
Zoo and botanical garden are the type of ex-situ conservation.Ex-situ conservation advocate to boost the populations of rare species through breeding programmes outside the natural habit.Conservation of biodiversity in botanical garden and zoo is now a common practice.

KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA
The actvities of the Krishi vigyan kendra are focused to address the prioritized agricultural problems of the district and identified thrust areas.Nursery techniques,mushroom production,Trichoderma production,cashew apple processing,coconut climbing are the different training techniques provided by krishi vigyan kendra.There is a plant health clinic functioning at the kendra.plant and soil samples are analysed for major and minor nutrients at the clinic.

AGRIFARMS
Their are many agrifarms in our India.Each agrifarms are named in different names.Agrifarms are commonly engaged in plants germination,plant supply,consulting and trading.Now agrifarms are expertise in sandal wood,Red sandal wood,Teak wood,Malabar Neem,Eucalyptus and all varieties of fruits orchids supply and cultivation.Educated farmers,famous scientist,agro professionals,biologist and other skilled professionals helps to develop such agrifarms.

HOSPITAL
Hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized staff and equipment.The best known type of hospital is the general hospital,which has an emergency department . A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region , with large numbers of beds for intensive care & long term care .

RESEARCH CENTRE UNDER STATE & CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 
There are many research centres under state & central govt.

1. State Research Institute for Innovate Medicine
2. Rajiv Gandhi Center for Bio technology
3. Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Research & Technology are the examples for State research centres .

1. Indian Council for Agriculture Research centers 
2.  Central Tuber Crops Research Institute Sreekariyam
3. Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow etc are the other three examples for central research centres .

CONCLUSION

Natural resources is a resources that exists naturally . It does not created by man . It only exist only in nature & it is consumed by humans . But in the case of man made resources it has been created by acts of humans. It does not exist in nature . This is produced by the humans & also utilized it for the needs of humans itself .

REFERENCE

1. Natural resources wikipedis the free encyclopedia . 

          https // en.m.wikipedia .org/.com

      2 . man made resources .wikipedia 

      3. resource centres at state & centre 

          http ://www.google.co.in/search

      4. https://in.answers. yahoo.com/question/index

SUBMITTED BY 

AISWARYA . P . NAIR

HAR GOVIND KHORANA

PRACTICUM

PRACTICUM

TOPIC  : IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PREVELANT IN  OUR LOCALITY.

INTRODUCTION

Disease is spread in many different ways, from the source or reservoir of infection to a susceptible human host .it is essential to know the manner in which disease is transmitted to be able to plan suitable preventive and control measures .the source of injection in mostly cases in man himself who has the disease.

He may be a case or carrier sometimes the source or infection may be a case or carrier sometimes the source or infection may be an infected animal. Modes of transmission can be classified in two categories direct and indirect.

NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE

Communicable diseases spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person. The spread often happens via air bone viruses or bacteria but also through blood or other body fluid.The terms injection and contagious are used to describe communicable disease. In this section learn about coordinated efforts to combat a few of the most serious communicable diseases on the global level.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The present study aims to find out identification of causes and prevention of communicable diseases.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

·      Identify communicable diseases in my society .

·      To find out the causes of communicable diseases

·      To suggest the preventive measures to avoid of communicable diseases

METHODOLOGY ADOPTED

                 Since the present study aims to identification of communicable diseases in my society .It was decided to adopt field study,observation and group discussion .

PROCEDURE ADOPTED

                    For collecting data necessary for identification of causes and prevention of communicable diseases in my society . it was followed by the analysis of contents of text book ,internet etc. for collection of necessary information related with the topic .

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

CHICKEN POX [VARICELLA]

                           Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by vesicular rash which may be accompanied by fever and malaise.the virus is present in the oropharyngal secretions, skin lesions and mucosa. Rarely the source of infection may be a patient with Herpes zoster .Chickenpox is transmitted from person to person by droplet infection.

PREVENTION

·      Administration of immunoglobulin

·      Vaccines

·       Varicella zoster immunoglobulins.

TUBERCULOSIS

               Tuberculosis remain a world wide problem. Tuberculosis is an specific infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease primary affects lungs and causes pulmonary tuberculosis.If the infection spread it can affect all part of the body.TB transmitted mainly through droplet infection and droplet nuclei generated when a patient who has TB coughs. coughing generate the largest number of droplet of all sizes.

PREVENTION

·      Continuous fever

·      Chest pain

·      Haemoptysis

ACUTE DIARROEAL DISEASES

                   When a person has loose or watery stools, he has diarrhea.If mucus and blood can seen in stools, he has dysentry.The most common cause of acute diarrohoea in children youger than two years of age is rota virus.in older children and adults, a possibility of vibrio cholera infection should always be kept in mind. Hands contaminated with faecal also spread infection directly.this also spread organism.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

PRIMARY PREVENTION

Health promotion

Health education about personal hygiene, sanitation , and waste disposal ,prevention of fly breeding , food and water hygiene

SECONDARY PREVENTION

·      1.early diagnosis

·      Prompt and effective treatment

TERTIARY PREVENTION

Has no role in this disease

DENGUE FEVER

Dengue is a mosquitos born infection which in recently years has become major international public health problem .virus that cause dengue .dengue viruses are transmitted to humans through the bites of infective female aedes aegypti mosquitos.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

·      At present the only method of controlling or preventing dengue and DHF  is to combat the vector mosquitos

·      Aedes aegypti breeds primarlty in man made containers like jars me tal drums and concrete cisterns used for domestic water storage , so also in discarded plastic food containers ,used automobiletyres and other items that collect rain water .

·      Vector control is implemented using environmental managemwent and chemical methods . proper solid waste disoposal and improved water storage practices including covering containers to prevent access by egg laying female mosquitos are among the methods that are encouraged through community based programmes.

·      Application of appropriate insecticides to larval habitats

FILARIASIS

                Filariasis caused by a parasite which belong to the nematode family.The parasite which can cause this disease are the following ;WuchereriaBrugia,Malayi and Brugya timori.All three infection are transmitted to man by the bites of infective mosquitoes viz the culex mosquito.The larvae tend to breed in stangnant dirty water. Filariasis is a global problem.The infection acquired from a person who has filariasis.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

                          This is achieved by spraying insecticides which are lethal to the larvae of the mosquitoes.This strategy is largely in the urban areas in India.

                        Larvicidal operations are complemented activities such as filling up of ditches and cesspools,drainage of stangnant water,adequate maintenance of septic tanks and soakage pits etc.

CONCLUSION

From the study entitled the identification  of causes and prevention of communicable diseases prevalent in our society . I come to realize causes of communicable diseases and how it can be prevented in our society

              Identify so many communicable diseases in our society . Chicken pox, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases are the important communicable diseases in my society

REFERENCE

·      Anju soni,teaching of general science[2004] tandon publication, lucknow

·      www. Google.com

·      http://en.wikipedia.org

                                                      APARNAKRISHNENDU T.K.

                                                       ROLL NO: 4

                                                       NATURAL SCIENCE

                                                   

field trip

FIELD TRIP

INTRODUCTION

A group of people away from there normal environment is called field trip or excursion. Field trip provide students the opportunity to take a break from there normal routine and experience more hands on learning.Popular field trip site includes zoo,natural centers, community agencies, science museums etc. Not only do field trip provide alternative educational opportunity for children, they can also benefit the community if they include some type of community service.

OBJECTIVES OF THE TOUR

1.  To develop a knowledge about rich heritage and history.

2.  To develop self confidence in students.

3.  To provide unique opportunities for learning.

4.  To devlop co-operation among students.

5.  To provide a platform for team work.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPOT

Kuthiramalika ,art gallery ,priyadarshini planetarium ,butterfly park and medicinal garden near the planetarium are the places ,we were observed for our educational purpose.

1.  KUTHIRA MALIKA(PUTHEN MALIKA PALACE)

Kuthira malika,is a palace built by swathi thirunal rama varma,on the south eastern side of padmanabha swamy temple in thiruvananthapuram.The palace gets its name from the 122 horses that are carvedin in to the wooden wall brackets that support the southern roof. Kuthira malika , built in the 1840’s ,it is an example of traditional kerala architechure , with its typical sloping roofs, over hanging caves ,pillared varandahs and enclosed courtyards. Intricate carvings adon the wooden ceilings ,with each room having a distinctive pattern. The roof is supported by granite pillars.

                      A portion of kuthira malika have been converted to a palace museum that houses some of the assets owned by the Travencore royal family. The palae collections include 14 life-size kathakali mannequins ,Belgian and Italian mirrors, crystal chandeliers ,paintings, musical instruments ,traditional furniture , a musical tree which produces 8 sounds on tapping and other artifacts. The palace has a large collection of idols and sculptures made from white marble.

                   Kuthira malika is the venue for swathi sangeetholsavam ,a yearly music festival commemorating the legacy of swathy thirunal. The music festival is conducted from 6-12 january every year.

2 .ART GALLERY

                   Sree Uthradam Thirunal Marthanda Varma , chithralayam has been set up at ranga vilasam palace to provide th e public with an authentic perspective on the glorious place of travencore. The museum include different photographs, rare photographs taken by His Highness himself and other photograph like William D’cruz ,N.P.Hariharan ,S.Rajan and B.Jayachandran. The paintings and photographs are set inside the royal embiance of ranga vilasam palace near Padmanabha Swami Temple.

3.PRIYA DARSHINI PLANETARIUM

                   Planetarium, is opened in 1994 to the public, this is one of the most versatile planetarium in the century. The main GM-11 star field projecter here can project almost all the constituents of the visible universe. It can also simulate the star –studded night sky over any location on the earth, on any day up to 12 ,500 years back or 12500 years in to the future.

                    The museum has 10 galleries exhibiting more than 300 items. Each gallery contain items  related a particular discipline of science and engineering. There are galleries for electrical ,electronics ,mechanical, automobile and bio medical engineering. There is a special gallery for popular science and also for solar energy. Mathematics,computer science and space science are the other disciplines having galleries for their own.

                 In addition to the planetarium , the museum offers facilities for night sky observation with a fully automatic 11 inch telescope. The museum operates two mobile science exhibition units on astronomy unit named Astrovan. The museum also conduct creative science workshops for school children during every summer.

4.BUTTERFLY PARK

               The science and technology museum includes planetarium, dinosaur park,butterfly park , children park and also a herbal garden.

             In the butterfly parks, there is different species of butterflies are exhibited there in flash boards.Butterflies are the symbol of a balanced and healthy nature.The life cycle of butterfly is an example of complete metamorphosis, as the beautiful adult butterfly emerges only after passing through the egg, larva and pupa stages.There body parts are very delicate and life span is very small. Hence even the slightest imbalances in nature will affect them. In this park we were observe these wonderful creatures and tried to understang the glory of nature , its tenderness, its balance and of course its imbalances. We  were collected many pictures of different species of butterflies from there.

5.MEDICINAL GARDEN

                                       The science and technology museum also contains a medicinal garden. Different medicinal plants are there. Rare species of herbal plants exhibited there. Plants have the ability to synthesis a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to perform important biological functions and to define against attach from predaters such as insects, fungi, and herbivorous animal . So medicinal plants are important in our life. We care them, we were collected some pictures of medicinal gardens and observe different varities of medicinal plants and discuss the importance and medicinal uses.

DETAILED PLAN

             The field trip was conducted on 11/09/2015 ,Friday. The journey was planned to start at 9’o’clock in the morning from the college campus. At first we planned to go kuthiramalika. We were observed the palace and collect some informations and went to chithralayam art gallery. From there we watch different photograph and paintings. Then we went to priyadarshini planetarium. We saw different galleries for electrical ,electronics ,mechanical, automobile and bio medical engineering. After that we ate our food there. Then visited butterfly park and collected different photograph of different butterflies.At last  we took photographs of medicinal garden and discussed the importance in our life. After than we decided to go back to home.

BENEFITS DERIVED FROM THE TOUR

                    The tour was a very pleasuring experience , as it promoted yhe development of qualities like sharing adjustment, attitudinal changes, co-operation etc. The tour also help to develop the aesthetic sense and appreciation of the innate powers. Tour gives enjoyment and pleasure to all. It give outdoor experience. Field trip was a memorable.lovely experience as it erased that stuffiness of for wall. The tour widened the scope of information in the geographical ,historical, technological areas. Organization an  conduction of study tour is an important task to be learned as a student teachers.

PROBLEM FACED DURING THE TOUR

The problem faced during the tour is that it was heavily raining. So that we could not start the tour at time.But the students tried their best as a learn to overcome the problem and to started the journey at 9:30.we went to kuthira malika,art gallery,planetarium,butterfly park and medicinal garden.

                 SUGGESTION

·       In planetarium  ,a proper guide should want to have accompanied with us.

·       Give proper maintains for medicinal garden and butter fly park.

·       We should  want start the tour at decided time.

CONCLUSION

Field trip are to produce civilized young man and women who appreciate culture and the arts. It is seen that more advantaged children may have already experienced cultural institution outside of school, and field trip provide a common ground with more advantaged and less advantaged children to have some of the same cultural experiences in the arts. The purpose of the trip is usually provides students with outside experience                   

Submitted By ,

Aiswarya.P.Nair

Roll No. :1

Natural Science

pan style='font-size: 18.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Centaur","serif"'>Roll No. :1

Natural Science

SUBJECT ASSOCIATION ACTIVITY

INTRODUCTION
Subject activities helps the students to know about the importance of the subject . These activities provide co-operation among the students . All the students are participated in these activities . It helps to develop the creativity of the students . The students will get an organisational capacity . These activities give new knowledge about the subject & give information about various things . Subject association activity contains a collection of activities from a global library that would be performed on a common subject . Students learn though their participation in the  attainment of knowledge gathering information & processing it by solving problems & articulating what they have discussed .

SCIENCE LIBRARY 
We set up a science library in our natural science lab for thye purpose of effective science learning . We bought different science related books for preparing this library . These books helps in many of our classrooms works . For seminar presentation , practical works , practicum etc . we prefer these books . This science library develops scuientific attitude among studentys , develop different skills , motivation for innovation , increase reading skills etc .

REPUBLIC DAY CELEBRATIONS 
On 26th January 2016 , at 8:00am we assembled in our campus to celebrate Republic day . Our principal hosted the national flag & we sang the patriotic song " Vande Mataram " . Our chairman Govind distributed the sweets . Then we went to auditorium &  started our programs . First our principal Dr. Vijayakumari Amma gave an introduction speech about Republic day . All teachers gave a message to their students. As part of science club "HARITHAM " we conducted three  competitions - Elocution , patriotic song competiotion & essay writing . These competiotions were held house wise . At last winners of various competiotions were announced & prizes were distributed.
Vote of thanks was given by General secretary Siva Prasad .

AQUARIUM 
An aquarium is a vivarium of any size having atleast one transparent side in which water dwelling plants or animals are kept & dispalyed .

HOW TO SET UP AN AQUARIUM :

1. Use a  when adding water to prevent gravel displacement 
2. Rinse the gravel in clean water & add to the aquarium , sloping it towards the back. 
3. Place clean plate on top of gravel & start to fill tyhe aquarium with water . If your tap water contains chlorine . add chlorine neutralizer .

According to these instructions, we also set up an aquarium in our class .

NATIONAL SCIENCE DAY CELEBRATIONS 

February 28th is celebrated as national science day . The motto of science day 2016 is " To raise public appreciation on scientific issues for the development of the nation " . National science day is celebrated on 28th February every year in order to commemorate invention of  Raman effect in India by the Indian physicist,Sir Chandra Sekhara Venkata Raman on the same in the year 1928. For his great success in the field of science in India,sir Chandra Sekhara Venkata Raman was awarded and honored with the noble prize in the physics in the year 1930. As a part of science club Haritham , we conducted three competitions like essay writing , poster making , seminar & quiz competitions. All students from various department participated in these competitions . Two students from each department participated in quiz competition . For selection of finalist a trial round was conducted . The final round of quiz competition was conducted on 09/03/2016 . The finalist teams were  from the options Natural science , physical science , maths & sanskrit . The winner of the competition was from the Maths option . Second place was natural science & third place was physical science . The prizes were distributed by the principal .

CONCLUSION
To make each student active player in the learning process , & an environment must be created in which there are opportunities for student to join in doing tasks . In & out of class exercises that include problems for solving or questions for answering are important for prompting students to use language cognitively & develop thinking skills .

SUBMITTED  BY 

Renjitha R V

SEMINAR

SEMINAR

TOPIC: TRANSPLANTATION

Transplantation Is The Technique Of Transferring Cells , Tissues , Or Organs From One Site To Another Or From A Donor To A Recipient . It Is An Alternative Treatment For A Variety Of Otherwise Fatal Conditions . The Accounts Of Early Transplants Deal With Skin Transplantation . The First Reasonable Account On Transplantation Is Of The Indian Surgeon Sushruta In Second Century Bc , Who Used Auto grafted Skin Transplantation In Nose Reconstruction . The First Systematic Study Of Transplantation was Reported In 1908 By Alexis Carrel , Who Interchanged The Kidneys In A Series Of Nine Cats , Some Of Which Could Survive For Up to 25 Days .

                                                                  Major Steps In Skin Transplantation Occurred During World Wars First And Second . The Successful Human Kidney Transplantation Was Carried Out In Boston In 1954 . Since Then , A Steady Improvement In The Perfection Of Organ Transplantation Technique Has Been Achieved . Now , Transplantation Of Organs And Tissues Is A Common Medical Practice . The Transplantation Of Many Different Tissues Or Organs Including Kidneys , Heart , Pancreas , Lungs , Liver , Bone Marrow , Cornea Is Undertaken With Increased Success Rate .

Tissue And Organ Transplantation

1)      Corneal Graft

Corneal Grafts Constitute Some Of The Most Successful Grafts Done To Date. This Is Because They Are Avascular And Do Not Sensitize The Patient . They Survive Without Immunosuppressive Therapy . Grafts Of Cartilage Are Successful In The Same Way And Remain Protected By The Matrix . Such Tissues Are Referred To As Immunologically Privileged Sites ; Due To Their Poor  Accessibility With Regard To The Immune System.

2)      Kidney Transplants

Kidney Transplantation Was First Successful Transplantation Performed At Peter Bent Brigham Hospital In 1954 . Since Then , Thousands Of Successful Kidney Transplants Have Been Carried Out And Survival Rates Are High . Advances In Tissue Typing And Improved Understanding Of Immunosupressive Therapy , Especially Cyclo Sporine , Has Contributed To The Success Of Renal Transplants . It Has Now Been Firmly Established That Multiple Blood Transfusion Prior To Grafting , Aids Survival Of The Graft .

3)Heart Transplants

The First Successful Human Heart Allograft Was Performed In 1967 . Cardiac Transplants Are Indicated In Patient Aged 40 Or Below With End Stage Of Coronary Artery Diseases , Cardio Myopathy , Rheumatic Heart Disease Or Congenital Heart Disease . Absolute Contra Indication Are Severe Pulmonary Hypertension , Infection And Cancer . The One Year Survival Rate For Heart Transplants Stands At Around 80 % Mainly Due To The Introduction Of Cyclosporine . Full HLA Matching , Though Ideal , Is Not Possible .

4) Liver Transplantation

The Most Common Indication For Adult Liver Transplantation Has Been Hepatitis B antigen   Negative , Post Necrotic Cirrhosis Or Chronic Active Hepatitis . Infants And Children With Congenital Or Developmental Anomalies Of The Bile Duct , Benefit From Successful Liver Transplants . Other Indications For Liver Replacement In Children Inborn Errors Of Metabolism Such As Wilson’s Disease . The Survival Rate For One Year Is 68% For Adult And 75% For Children .
5)      Bone Marrow Transplantation

Over The Past Two Decades , Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation Has Evolved From An Experimental Procedure Reserved For Patients With Refractory Leukemia Into A Rapidly Expanding Are Of Clinical Investigation That Offers Potential Cure For Patient With Aplastic Anemia , Acute And Chronic Leukemia , Breast Cancer , And Selected Types Of Lymphoma .

Classification Of Transplants

Immunologist Have Developed A Special Vocabulary To Describe The Kinds Of Cell And Tissues Met With During Transplantation . In Transplantation , The Organ Or Tissue That Is Being  Transplanted Is Called A Transplant Or Graft . The Individual Who Donate The Graft Is Referred To As Donor And The One Who Receive The Graft Is Known As The Recipient .Based On The Genetic Relatedness Of The Donor And The Recipient , Transplants Are Classified Into The Following Type .

1)Auto Graft

Auto Graft Or Autologous Is A Self Tissue That Is Transplanted From One Part Of The Body To Another Of The Same Person . This Type Of Graft Is Done Frequently On Persons With Burns By Transferring Normal Skin To The Burned Area . Sometime This Is Done With Surplus Tissue That Is More Desperately Needed Elsewhere .

Eg: Vein Extraction For Coronary Bypass Surgery .

2) Iso graft

Isograft Or Syngeneic Graft Is Tissue Transferred From A Donor To A Genetically Identical Recipient .

Eg: Transplantation Between Members Within Identical Twins .

3) Allograft

Allograft Or Allogeneic Graft Is An Organ Or Tissue Transplanted Between Genetically Non Identical Members Of The Same Species . Most Human Tissue And Organ Transplants Are Allograft . In This Case The Molecules On Allograft , Called Allo antigens , Are Usually recognised  By The Recipient Cells Are Foreign . This Result In Immune Response In The Recipient’s Body That Finally Leads To Graft Rejection . Therefore The Receiver Of Organs Or Tissues Is Put Under Immuno supressive Drugs To Prevent Their Body’s Antibodies Causing Transplant Rejection . This Dramatically Affects The Entire Immune System Making The Body Vulnerable To Pathogen .

4) Xeno graft

A Xeno graft Or Xenogeneic Graft Is An Organ Or Tissue Transplanted From One Species To Another . Xeno Transplantation Is Often An Extremely Dangerous Type Of Transplant. A Typical Example Is The Porcine Heart Valve , Which Is Successfully Transplanted To Human Being . The Anti geneic Molecules In The Xenograft That Are Recognised By The Recipient Cells As Foreign Are Called Xeno Antigens .

 
Reference

1)       Anju Soni , Teaching Of General Science (2004)

Tendon Publication , Lucknow

2) Dr . R C Sharma , Modern Science Teach (2003 )

Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company P (Ltd) , New Delhi

3) Http://En.Wikipedia .Org

4) Http://Google Search

Submitted by , 

Sharika Mohan I

Roll no:11

Natural Science

 

 

   SEMINAR                                             

NATURAL RESOURCES

INTRODUCTION

Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind. This includes all valued characteristics such as magnetic, gravitational, and electrical properties and forces. On earth it includes; sunlight, atmosphere, water, land (includes all minerals) along with all vegetation and animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics and substances.

Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, petroleum, and most forms of energy.

There is much debate worldwide over natural resource allocations, this is particularly true during periods of increasing scarcity and shortages (depletion and over consumption of resources) but also because the exportation of natural resources is the basis for many economies (particularly for developed countries).

Some natural resources such as sunlight and air can be found everywhere, and are known as ubiquitous resources. However, most resources only occur in small sporadic areas, and are referred to as localized resources. There are very few resources that are considered inexhaustible (will not run out in foreseeable future) – these are solar radiation, geothermal energy, and air (though access to clean air may not be). The vast majority of resources are theoretically exhaustible, which means they have a finite quantity and can be depleted if managed improperly.

The main natural resources are ;

• POND
• LAKES 
• RIVERS
• SEA

1. POND

A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or artificial, that is usually smaller than a lake.  Usually they contain shallow water with marsh and aquatic plants and animals. A few animals also make their home in ponds, including both alligators and beavers. The type of life in a pond is generally determined by a combination of factors including water level regime (particularly depth and duration of flooding) and nutrient levels, but other factors may also be important, including presence or absence of shading by trees, presence or absence of streams, effects of grazing animals, and salinity.

 A wide variety of artificial bodies of water are classified as ponds. Some ponds are created specifically for habitat restoration, including water treatment. Others, like water gardens, water features and koi ponds are designed for aesthetic ornamentation as landscape or architectural features. Fish ponds are designed for commercial fish breeding, and solar ponds designed to store thermal energy.  Nutrient levels and water quality in ponds can be controlled through natural process such as algal growth, or through artificial filtration, such as an algae scrubber.

Characteristics

One of the most important features of ponds is the presence of standing water, which provides habitat for wetland plants and animals. Familiar examples might include water-lilies, frogs, turtles and herons.

USES

1. Ponds are used for the provision of of fish and other wildlife including waterfowl which a source of food for humans. 
2. Ponds are also a major contributor to local ecosystem richness and diversity for both plants and animals. 
3. Waste stabilization ponds are used as a low-cost method for waste water treatment.
4. In agriculture, treatment ponds may reduce nutrients released downstream from the pond. They may also provide irrigation reservoirs at times of drought.

LAKE

A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean,  and are also larger and deeper than ponds, though there are no official or scientific definitions. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.

Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas.  In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age.

Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use, for hydro-electric power generation or domestic water supply, or for aesthetic or recreational purposes or even for other activities .

USES

Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for hydro-electric power generation, aesthetic purposes, recreational purposes, industrial use, agricultural use or domestic water supply.

RIVER

A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. . There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. 

USES

1. Rivers have been used as a source of water, for obtaining food, for transport, as a defensive measure, as a source of hydro power to drive machinery, for bathing, and as a means of disposing of waste.
2. Rivers have been a source of food .
3. They are often a rich source of fish and other edible aquatic life, and are a major source of fresh water, which can be used for drinking and irrigation. 
4.  Rivers also provide an easy means of disposing of waste water and, in much of the less developed world, other wastes.                                                                                                                                                                                                                       SEA    

                                                                                                                                         A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been traveled and explored. . Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth.                                           These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. 
USES

1. SEA MODERATE  THE TEMPERATURE OF THE WORLD
2. SEA PROVIDE ECOSYSTEM FOR MARINE LIFE
3.  INEXHAUSTIBLE STORE HOUSE FOR AGRICULTURE,COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES

SUBMITTED BY

KARTHIKA RAJAN P R