Saturday, 14 January 2017
Wednesday, 11 January 2017
Friday, 6 January 2017
PRACTICAL WORK
STUDY OF BACTERIA-LACTOBACILLUS
INTRODUCTION
MICRO-ORGANISMS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE STUCTURE OF BIOSPHERE.MANY MICRO-ORGANISMS HAVE A CLOSED ASSOCIATION WITH HUMAN.MICROBES ARE BOTH GOOD AND HARM.THE SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA WHICH ARE IN HE ROOT NODULES OF LEGUMINOSAE PLANTS ENHANCE THE SOIL FERTILITY.MICROBES ARE ALSO USED IN PRODUCTION OF FOOD IMPROVES AND FLAVORING AGENTS.MICROBES ARE USED AS EXPERIMENTAL ORGANISMS FOR EXPERIMENTAL GENETIC ENGINEERING.
AIM
TO STUDY THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE BACTERIA LACTOBACILLUS AND BACTERIA FROM ROOT NODULES.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
CLEAN SLIDE,MICROSCOPE WITH HIGH POWER OR IMMERSIAL OBJECTIVE LENS,1% OF METHYLENE BLUE,SPIRIT LAMP,100ML BEAKER CONTAINING DISTILLED WATER,CURD.
PROCEDURE
PLACE A DROP OF CURD ON A CLEAN SLIDE, SPREAD THIS DROP TO FORMA THIN FILM WITH THE HELP OF ANOTHER SLIDE HELD AT AN ANGLE OF 40 DEGREE TOUCHING THE CURD AND MOREOVER THE FIRST SLIDE.ALLOW THE SLIDE TO DRY IN AIR , PLACE THE SLIDE FILM BY UP SIDE QUICKLY OVER A SPIRIT LAMP AND FIX THE BACTERIA.FLOOD THE SLIDE WITH METHYLENE BLUE TO COVER THE SMEAR COMPLETE FOR 5 MINUTES.DIP IN THE BEAKER CONTAIN DISTILLED WATER FOR WASH GENTLY EXCESSIVE STAIN HAS BEEN REMOVE. WAVE THE SLIDE VIGOUROSLY THROUGH THE AIR SO THAT FILM DRIES QUICKLY.OBSERVING UNDER OIL IMMERSION AT BETWEEN THE SLIDE CONDENSER AS WELL AS BETWEEN THE COVER GLASS AND OBJECTIVE OIL IMMERSION LENS.WATCH FROM THE SLIDE BRING THE OIL EMERGING OBJECTIVE LENS.IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH THE OIL ON THE COVER GLASS AND BRING THE FOCUS.
CAUTION
TOO MUCH HEAT WILL DESTROY THE NORMAL SHAPE AND STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA.WHEN PLACED AGAIN BACK OF YOUR HAND THE SLIDE SHOULD BE WARM.
RESULT
INDIVIDUAL BACTERIA CAN BEEN SEEN AS TINY RODS IN VARIOUS SHADES OF BLUE.
SUBMITTED BY,
SHARIKA
ROLL NO:11
NATURAL SCIENCEMOHAN I
Friday, 30 December 2016
PRATICUM
THE STUDY ON THE IMPORTANCE OF MODERN TECHNIQUE OF AGRICULTURE
INTRODUCTION
Agricultural technology refers to technology for the production of machines used on a farm to help with farming. Agricultural machines have been designed for practically every stage of the agricultural process. They include machines for tilling the soil, planting seeds, irrigating the land, cultivating crops, protecting them from pests and weeds, harvesting, threshing grains, live stock feeding, and sorting and packaging the products.
Modern agricultural system has been developed with two related goals in mind to obtain the highest yields possible and to yet the highest economic profits possible. In pursuit of these goals, six basic practices have come to form the backbone of production: intensive tillage, monoculture, application of inorganic fertilizer, irrigation, chemical pest control, and genetic manipulation of crop plants. Each practices is used for its individual contribution to productivity, but when they are all combined in a farming system each depends on the others and reinforces the need for using the others. The work of agronomists, specialists in agricultural production, has been key to the development of these practices.
NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE
Modern agriculture must seek to feed the world’s growing population with little or on cost to the environment. Modern agriculture is capable of producing greater yields than ever before, but intensification of agriculture does come at a price. Modern agriculture was very successful in meeting a growing demand for food by the world’s population. Yields of primary crops such as rice and wheat increased dramatically, the price of food declined, the rate of increase in crop yields generally kept pace with population growth, and the number of people who consistently go Hungary was slightly reduced. This boost in food production has been due mainly to scientific advance and new technologies including the development of new crop varieties.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The present investigation aims to find out the “Importance of Modern technique of Agriculture and its practices”
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To find out the significance of modern technique of agriculture.
2. To find out the benefits of modern agriculture.
3. To find out the different type of modern technique in agriculture.
METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
The present investigation aim to find out the Important of Modern Techniques of agriculture and its practice, the methodology adopted was documentary analysis.
PROCEDURE ADOPTED
For collecting data necessary identifying importance of modern technique of agriculture and its practice, documentary analysis was employed. It was followed by the analysis of text books, journals, periodicals, magazines, net sources and also discussion with teacher and experts.
DATA COLLECTION
Modern Agriculture, during the latter half of the twentieth century, what is known today as modern agriculture was very successful in meeting a growing demand for food by the world’s population? Yields of primary crops such as rice and wheat increased dramatically, the price of food declined, the rate of increase in crop yields generally kept pace with population growth, and the number of people who consistently go hungry was slightly reduced. This boost in food production has been due mainly to scientific advances and new technologies, including the development of new crop varieties the uses of pesticides and fertilizers, and the construction of large irrigation systems.
There are number of modern technique in agriculture they are;
POLY HOUSE FARMING OR GREEN HOUSE FARMING
Indian farmers face several challenges such as small land holding, poor yields due to reliance on inefficient methods of farming, too much reliance on natural phenomena such as rainfall and lack of knowledge of modern methods of agriculture. Poly house farming is an alternative new technique. In agriculture, gaining food hold in rural India. It reduces dependency on rainfall and makes the optimum use of land and water resource due to assured system. Potentially, poly house farming can help farmer generate income around the year growing multiple crops and fetching premium pricing for off- season vegetables.
Green house allow for greater control over the growing environment of plants. Depending upon the technical specification of a green house, key factors which may be controlled include temperature, level of light and shade, irrigation, fertilizer application and atmospheric humidity. Green houses may be used to overcome short comings in the growing qualities of a piece of land, such as a short growing season or poor light levels, and they can there by improve food production in marginal environments.
PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Precision agriculture or satellite farming or site specific crop management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crop. Crop variability typically has both a spatial and temporal component which makes statically/ computational treatments quite involved. They holy grail of precision agriculture research will be the ability to define a decision support system for whole farm management with the goal of optimizing returns on inputs while preserving resource. Among these many approach is a phytogeomorphological approach which ties multi-year crop growth stability/ characteristics to topological terrain attributes.
Precision agriculture management practices can significantically reduce the amount of nutrients and other crop inputs used while boosting yields. Farmers thus obtain are turn on their investment by saving on phytosanitary and fertilizer coasts. The second larger scale benefit of targeting inputs-in spatial, temporal and quantitative term- concerns environmental impacts. Applying the right amount of inputs in the right place and at the right time benefits crops, soils and ground water, and thus the entire crop cycle. Consequentially, precision agriculture has become a corner stone of sustainable agriculture. Since it respects crops, soil and farmers. Sustainable agriculture seeks to assure a continued supply of food with in the ecological, economic and social limits required to sustain production in the long term.
SOILLESS CULTURE
Gerick originally defined hydroponics as crop growth in mineral nutrient solutions. Hydroponics is a subset of soilless culture. Many types of soilless culture do not use the mineral nutrient solutions required for hydroponics.
Plants that are not traditionally growing in a climate would be possible to grow using a controlled environment system like hydroponics.
TECHNIQUES
There are two main variations foe each medium, sub-irrigation and top irrigation. For all techniques, most hydroponics reservoirs are now built of plastic, but other materials have been used including concrete, glass metal, vegetable solids, and wood. The containers should exclude light to prevent algae growth in the nutrient solution.
HYDROPONICS
Hydroponics is a subset of hydro culture and is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solution, in water, without soil. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral solution only, or in an inert medium, such as perlite or gravel.
STATIC SOLUTIONCULTURE
In static solution culture, plants are grown in containers of nutrient solution, such as glass Manson jars, plastic buckets, tubs or tanks. The solution is usually gently aerated but may be un-aerated; if un-aerated the solution level is kept low enough that enough roots are above the solution. So they get adequate oxygen. A hole is cut in the lid of the reservoir for each plant. There can be on to many plants per reservoir.
CONCLUTION
Agriculture in the United States has changed greatly in the past few decades. The basic technology of agricultural machines has changed little in the last century. Modern agriculture has changed the total agricultural process. That is, there are several technique are formulated today’s. So, modern agriculture and farming business, we need the proper, correct and experimental information based on modern technology which can make our dream true fast.
REFERANCE
Field, Harry L. and john Solie. {2007 Introduction to agricultural Engineering Technology}
Wes Jackson, New Roots for Agriculture. Fore word by Wendell Berry. University of Nebraska Press.
Submitted by
KARTHIKA RAJAN P R
THE STUDY ON THE IMPORTANCE OF MODERN TECHNIQUE OF AGRICULTURE
INTRODUCTION
Agricultural technology refers to technology for the production of machines used on a farm to help with farming. Agricultural machines have been designed for practically every stage of the agricultural process. They include machines for tilling the soil, planting seeds, irrigating the land, cultivating crops, protecting them from pests and weeds, harvesting, threshing grains, live stock feeding, and sorting and packaging the products.
Modern agricultural system has been developed with two related goals in mind to obtain the highest yields possible and to yet the highest economic profits possible. In pursuit of these goals, six basic practices have come to form the backbone of production: intensive tillage, monoculture, application of inorganic fertilizer, irrigation, chemical pest control, and genetic manipulation of crop plants. Each practices is used for its individual contribution to productivity, but when they are all combined in a farming system each depends on the others and reinforces the need for using the others. The work of agronomists, specialists in agricultural production, has been key to the development of these practices.
NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE
Modern agriculture must seek to feed the world’s growing population with little or on cost to the environment. Modern agriculture is capable of producing greater yields than ever before, but intensification of agriculture does come at a price. Modern agriculture was very successful in meeting a growing demand for food by the world’s population. Yields of primary crops such as rice and wheat increased dramatically, the price of food declined, the rate of increase in crop yields generally kept pace with population growth, and the number of people who consistently go Hungary was slightly reduced. This boost in food production has been due mainly to scientific advance and new technologies including the development of new crop varieties.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The present investigation aims to find out the “Importance of Modern technique of Agriculture and its practices”
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To find out the significance of modern technique of agriculture.
2. To find out the benefits of modern agriculture.
3. To find out the different type of modern technique in agriculture.
METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
The present investigation aim to find out the Important of Modern Techniques of agriculture and its practice, the methodology adopted was documentary analysis.
PROCEDURE ADOPTED
For collecting data necessary identifying importance of modern technique of agriculture and its practice, documentary analysis was employed. It was followed by the analysis of text books, journals, periodicals, magazines, net sources and also discussion with teacher and experts.
DATA COLLECTION
Modern Agriculture, during the latter half of the twentieth century, what is known today as modern agriculture was very successful in meeting a growing demand for food by the world’s population? Yields of primary crops such as rice and wheat increased dramatically, the price of food declined, the rate of increase in crop yields generally kept pace with population growth, and the number of people who consistently go hungry was slightly reduced. This boost in food production has been due mainly to scientific advances and new technologies, including the development of new crop varieties the uses of pesticides and fertilizers, and the construction of large irrigation systems.
There are number of modern technique in agriculture they are;
POLY HOUSE FARMING OR GREEN HOUSE FARMING
Indian farmers face several challenges such as small land holding, poor yields due to reliance on inefficient methods of farming, too much reliance on natural phenomena such as rainfall and lack of knowledge of modern methods of agriculture. Poly house farming is an alternative new technique. In agriculture, gaining food hold in rural India. It reduces dependency on rainfall and makes the optimum use of land and water resource due to assured system. Potentially, poly house farming can help farmer generate income around the year growing multiple crops and fetching premium pricing for off- season vegetables.
Green house allow for greater control over the growing environment of plants. Depending upon the technical specification of a green house, key factors which may be controlled include temperature, level of light and shade, irrigation, fertilizer application and atmospheric humidity. Green houses may be used to overcome short comings in the growing qualities of a piece of land, such as a short growing season or poor light levels, and they can there by improve food production in marginal environments.
PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Precision agriculture or satellite farming or site specific crop management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crop. Crop variability typically has both a spatial and temporal component which makes statically/ computational treatments quite involved. They holy grail of precision agriculture research will be the ability to define a decision support system for whole farm management with the goal of optimizing returns on inputs while preserving resource. Among these many approach is a phytogeomorphological approach which ties multi-year crop growth stability/ characteristics to topological terrain attributes.
Precision agriculture management practices can significantically reduce the amount of nutrients and other crop inputs used while boosting yields. Farmers thus obtain are turn on their investment by saving on phytosanitary and fertilizer coasts. The second larger scale benefit of targeting inputs-in spatial, temporal and quantitative term- concerns environmental impacts. Applying the right amount of inputs in the right place and at the right time benefits crops, soils and ground water, and thus the entire crop cycle. Consequentially, precision agriculture has become a corner stone of sustainable agriculture. Since it respects crops, soil and farmers. Sustainable agriculture seeks to assure a continued supply of food with in the ecological, economic and social limits required to sustain production in the long term.
SOILLESS CULTURE
Gerick originally defined hydroponics as crop growth in mineral nutrient solutions. Hydroponics is a subset of soilless culture. Many types of soilless culture do not use the mineral nutrient solutions required for hydroponics.
Plants that are not traditionally growing in a climate would be possible to grow using a controlled environment system like hydroponics.
TECHNIQUES
There are two main variations foe each medium, sub-irrigation and top irrigation. For all techniques, most hydroponics reservoirs are now built of plastic, but other materials have been used including concrete, glass metal, vegetable solids, and wood. The containers should exclude light to prevent algae growth in the nutrient solution.
HYDROPONICS
Hydroponics is a subset of hydro culture and is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solution, in water, without soil. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral solution only, or in an inert medium, such as perlite or gravel.
STATIC SOLUTIONCULTURE
In static solution culture, plants are grown in containers of nutrient solution, such as glass Manson jars, plastic buckets, tubs or tanks. The solution is usually gently aerated but may be un-aerated; if un-aerated the solution level is kept low enough that enough roots are above the solution. So they get adequate oxygen. A hole is cut in the lid of the reservoir for each plant. There can be on to many plants per reservoir.
CONCLUTION
Agriculture in the United States has changed greatly in the past few decades. The basic technology of agricultural machines has changed little in the last century. Modern agriculture has changed the total agricultural process. That is, there are several technique are formulated today’s. So, modern agriculture and farming business, we need the proper, correct and experimental information based on modern technology which can make our dream true fast.
REFERANCE
Field, Harry L. and john Solie. {2007 Introduction to agricultural Engineering Technology}
Wes Jackson, New Roots for Agriculture. Fore word by Wendell Berry. University of Nebraska Press.
Submitted by
KARTHIKA RAJAN P R
Monday, 21 November 2016
PRACTICUM
PRACTICUM
TOPIC: a study on the importance of sericulture
INTRODUCTION
Sericulture, or silk farming, is the
rearing of silk worms for the production of silk. Bombyx mori is the most widely used and
intensively studied silk worm although there are commercial species of silk
worms. Seiculture has become an important cottage industries in countries such
as Brazil, China, France, India, Italy, Japan, Korea & Russia. Today China
and India are the two main
producers, with more than 60% of the world’s annual production. Sericulture is
both an art and science of raising silk worm for silk production. India is a
home to a vast variety of silk secreting fauna which also includes an amazing
diversity of silk moths.
NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE
There are lot of varities of silk worms
in our India.These silkworms produce different types of silk that showing
different quality.In addition to the diverse silk worm races , there are vast genetic
resources of mulberry , tasar , muga and eri host plants spread over diverse
geographical locations. Through this study we can understand which are our
common silk worms in India.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The present
investigation aims to find out the
importance of sericulture , it was entitled as “ The study on the importance of
sericulture”
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.To find out the different types of silk worm.
2.To find out the importance of silk worm.
3.To find out the production of silkworm.
METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
The present study it was decided to adopt
observation method.
PROCEDURE ADOPTED
For collecting data necessary for identifying
the importance of seri culture .It is generally associated with the analysis of
the text books , internet and discussion with experts and teachers to know the
various aspects associated with the topic .
DATA COLLECTION
Seri culture is both an art and science of
raising silk worms for silk production .
Silk was a weavable fibre was first discovered by the Chinese . Silk was
a profitable trade commodity in china.
Sericulture is an agro – based industry .
HISTORY OF SERICULTURE
Once upon a time in an ancient kingdom of
china there lived a queen Xi- Ling , wife of
emperor Huang – Di . One day she sat under the mulberry tree by spinning
tea and admiring the spring flowers, something fell into her tea cup . On the
top of the tea strain on her dress she spotted a lovely web of the most
exquisite threads she had ever seen before. She understood that is the silk threads
come from the silk worms cocoons where it fell from the mulberry tree . In
china the knowledge of silk spread far and wide. Silk worm eggs and the technology of making silk , was
brought to India by Buddist monk . Tippu sulthan introduced sericulture to
Karnataka .Today it is the biggest silk worm producing centre in India .
LIFE CYCLE OF A SILK WORM
The egg develop in to the silkworm larva,grab
or caterpillar.They eat for 20-30 days,consuming large amounts of leaves.The
caterpillar moults through four changes of skin.
The silkworms spins a cocoon
for protection ,to permit the development of the pupa. The cocoon takes about
three days to be fully complete and is a similar size to a peanut shell. The drysalis
emerges from the cocoon as a moth. In cultivated silk, the grub is terminated
while still inside the cocoon so that the long filaments are maintained. The
colour of the silk is determined by the diet of the larva and seasonal
influences. Mulberry leaves produce the preferred lighter coloured cocoons, but
in the wild silkworms will eat other plants, producing all variety of colours. The
moth mate and the female lays more than 350 eggs. The moth then die. In the
wild, this cycle occurs once a year, but under scientific breeding it can occur
up to three times in a year. It is slow and difficult process to produce silk
fibre. Around 12 x kilos of cocoons will only produce about 1 x kilo of
reelable silk and 1 x kilo of un reelable spinning silk.
SERICULTURE TECHNOLOGY :SILKWORM TYPES
There are five major types of silk of
commercial importance, obtained from different species of silkworms which in
turn feed on a number of food plants.Except mulberry, other varieties of silks
are generally termed as non mulberry silks.India has the unique distinction of
producing all these commercial varieties silks.The following are the varieties
of silks produced by various silkworms.
1.
Mulberry
2.
Tasar
3.
Oak
Tasar
4.
Eri
5.
Muga
SERICULTURE
– SILK PRODUCTION
The production
of silk generally involves two processes.
1.
Care
of the silkworm from the egg stage through completion of the cocoon.
2.
Production
of mulberry trees that provide leaves upon which the worms feed.
The silkworm
caterpillar builds its cocoon by producing and surrounding itself with a long,
continuous fibre , or filament. Liquid secretions from two large glands within
the insect emerge from the spinnerct, a single exit tube in the head, hardening
upon exposure to air and forming twin filaments composed of fibroin, a protein
material. A second pair of glands secrete sericin, a gummy substance that
cements the two filaments together. Because an emerging moth would break the
cocoon filament, the larva is killed in the cocoon by steam on hot air at the
chrysalis stage.
Silk is a
continuous filament within each cocoon, having a usable length of about 600 to
900 meters. It is freed by softening the binding sericin and then locating the
filament end and unwinding, or reeling, the filaments from several cocoons at
the same time, some times with a slight twist, forming a single strand. Several
silk strands, each too thin for most uses, are twisted together to make thicker
stronger yarn in the process called throwing, producing various yarns differing
according to the amount and direction of the twist imparted.
CONCLUSION
Sericulture can
be relaunched throughout the country due to the implementation of the strategy
of silkworm rearing in family.Sericulture modules and also identifying and
exploiting the silk biotech potential. Collaboration with traditional sericultural
countries in the area as well as the ones from ISE and BACSA can guarantee the
relaunching of this field activity.Traditional activities are the most
efficient ways to increase the interest in sericulture in the future.
REFERENCE
1.
Sericulture/silk
production
2.
Silkworm
facts, information, pictures/Encyclopedia.com articles about silkworms.
AISWARYA P NAIR
NATURAL
SCIENCE
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